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He tokoiti ngā kaikōrero i tūhura i te kaupapa o te ira me te hōkakatanga i mua i te tāmitanga. Tērā pea, ko tētahi take nā runga anō i te kōrero a rātou i kōrero mō tēnei take: i whai ngā kaitāmi kia whakakore i te kanorau ā-ira me te hōkakatanga i kitea e rātou 'e hē ana' ahakoa e mahia ana, i roto i te mauhanga ā-hītori rānei. Heoi anō, i miramira ngā kaikōrero tērā te ira me te whakaputanga o te hōkakatanga i te pāpori Māori i mua i te tāmitanga, e aro ana ki ngā taunakitanga e toe tonu ana i roto i ngā tuhinga (nā ngāi Māori, nā te Pākehā hoki), ngā waiata, me ngā whakairo.

Ngā kaiwhakaatu matua i tuku i te taunakitanga

I kōrerotia e Professor Leonie Pihama (tuhinga A19 me A148) ngā ara i pā kinotia te tāmitanga ki te kanorau ā-hōkakatanga, ā-ira hoki i roto i te ao Māori. Ka whakapae ia 'ko te whakamārama a ngā kaitāmi i te whanonga ai me ngā whanaungatanga tika he wāhanga nō te āta whakarite whānui anō i te ira he waiwai ki te kaupapa tāmi hei whakawhiti i te pāpori Māori. I te whakaaweawehia hoki e ngā whakaaro kaikiri o te hōkakatanga e whakaarohia ana ko ngā whakaaturanga Iwi Taketake o te hōkakatanga kanorau he mohoao' (tuhinga A19, p 34). Ka matapaki hoki a Ahorangi Pihama i te whakamahi ā-hītori, onāianei hoki o te kupu 'takatāpui' mō ngā hapori me ngā tāngata takitahi Māori nō te ao uenuku. Ka kōrero ia mō te kōrero ā-hītori o Tūtānekai me tana hononga ki a Tiki, e kīia ana ko tana takatāpui. Ka kōrerotia e Ahorangi Pihama te mahi a Ngahuia Te Awekotuku MNZM i kī:

Nā te mea, kei a mātou te kupu kotahi, takatāpui. Ko te mea kōrori, e hāngai ana tēnei kupu ki tētahi o ngā kōrero whaiāipō tāne / wahine, tino whakakura, tino whakanikoniko o te ao Māori, te pūrākau mō Hinemoa rāua ko Tūtānekai. Ko Tūtānekai, me tana kōauau me tana hoa takatāpui, a Tiki, me Hinemoa, te wahine pūtohe, māia, tino kaiaka – taku tipuna kuia – nā tana kakama i kauhoe i te wai o te waenganui pō kia tae ki a ia, ā, he mea whakareka tēnei, he mea tūoho, āta whakaaro kia whakataruna hei tāne, hei toa, kia tō mai ia ki ōna ringaringa. He ara anō pea tērā, he mea whakangārahu, kua whakakahoretia tō mātou hapori, tukunga ihotanga hoki? (Ahorangi Leonie Pihama, tuhinga A148, pp 5-6)

Ka tāpae hoki a Ahorangi Pihama i ētahi atu rangahau hāngai ki te Taraipiunara tae atu ki:

Professor Leonie Pihama giving evidence at Turner Centre, Kerikeri

Ka tuku taunakitanga a Dr Byron Rangiwai (doc A146) i te tirohanga takatāpui, mema o Te Hāhi Mihinare hoki. Ka aro atu ia ki te whānuitanga o ngā tuhinga a ngā mihinare, ngā kaimātai mātāwaka, ngā ngore hoki, kia whakaatu i ngā tauira o te kanorau ā-hōkakatanga, ā-ira hoki i roto i te ao Māori. Ka whakaatu hoki ia i ngā āmiki mō te whakawhāititanga o tēnei kanorautanga, me tana whakaaetanga i roto i te ao Māori, ki te mauhanga ā-hītori. Ka kī a Dr Rangiwai tērā te 'hāpono o ngā hononga taearo kore i roto i te pāpori Māori i mua i te tāmitanga i roto i ngā whakairo, he maha i whakamōtīa e ngā mihinare, i haria atu rānei ki ngā whare Taonga i Ūropi...engari ko tētahi taonga whakahirahira kāore i ngaro ko te waka huia, papahou rānei nō waenga o te rautau tekau mā warunō te mutunga rānei o te rautau, i te Whare Taonga o Piritānia. Tērā ngā whakaahuatanga hōkakatanga' (kei raro te whakaahua).

Ngā kōrero a ngā kaiwhakaatu

  • “Evidence of bisexuality exists in a traditional waiata, published in an 1853 collection by George Grey, which mourns the loss of a young man. The text proclaims: ‘ko te tama i aitia, E tera wahine, e tera tangata.’ An English translation reads: ‘A youth who was sexual with that woman, with that man’. However, when the waiata was republished in 1928, the word aitia, which means to copulate, have sex, or make love was changed to awhitia, which means to embrace, hug, cuddle, or cherish.” (Byron Rangiwai, doc A146, p 5)

  • “Joseph Banks, who accompanied Captain Cook, made some observations about Māori sexuality and gender diversity and made notes about a particular encounter with a person who appeared female but was biologically male … Missionaries, too, observed same-sex activities in Māori society.” (Byron Rangiwai, doc A146, p 6)

  • “Regarding gender and sexual fluidity, there are stories of tohunga and renowned leaders who had same-sex relationships.” (Kayreen Tapuke, doc A94, p 10)

  • “Genitalia were often depicted in ancestral carvings, as our tupuna reflected the rich reality of life, in an open and down-to-earth manner, in a way which celebrated the sexuality, reproductivity and divinity of both tāne and wāhine. The arrival of Victorian attitudes and judgments brought over from England led to the destruction of many of these carvings.” (Heeni Collins, doc A108, p 9)

  • “Tera te ataahuatanga o te whakapapa Māori, kei roto i a tātou katoa tēnā magic. Kei roto tonu i ahau te ira wahine me te ira tane; kei te noho ēra mea e rua i te tangata kotahi. Ehara he mea ‘gender fluid’ tēnā; he mea tapu kē, tapu rawa; he hononga tēnā mai te tangata ki tōna whakapapa katoa me ngā wānanga, ngā kura kei roto. Ngā āhua katoa kei a ia.”
    “What is so beautiful about Māori lineage that magic is within all of us. I have the female and male elements in me, those two elements can be in one person, it’s not about genderfluid. It’s about the tapu, the very sacredness, it’s a very connection of the people to all of their lineages and all of the houses of learning.” (Dayle Takitimu, doc A96, p 5; Transcript 4.1.10, p 32)

  • “From an early age, children lived in close and intimate contact with adults. Their introduction to bodily functions and reproduction was part of their early education. Premarital sex was a norm, and young adults were allowed, even expected, to engage in sexual experimentation before settling down in a stable relationship.” (Ella Henry, doc A63, p 16)

  • “We are certain that sex, and sexual relations, were considered to be extremely important in traditional Māori society … Māori sexuality, and its associated beliefs and practices, were fundamentally different from those of the 19th Century colonisers. It was not bound by the same social prohibitions, nor was it a means for men to control women’s lives, bodies and reproduction.” (Ella Henry, doc A63, pp 17-18)(external link)

  • “I mua i te taenga mai o tauiwi ki Aotearoa ko te ai te ai. Ehara i te mea kino te ai. Kaare he kino mō te tāne i ai te tāne, kaare he kino mō te wahine ai wahine, kaare he kino mō te tama kia pērā ai ki te kohine i tukuna atu ki tetahi rangatira mo te ai.” (Hira Huata, doc A149, p 18)
    "Before the arrival of Europeans to Aotearoa, sex was normal. It was not evil. It was common for men to have sex with men, or for women to have sex with each other, or for boys and girls to be given as sex toys for male and female chiefs." (Hira Huata, doc A149(a), p 11)

  • “There were Takataapui in the days of my kuia, I can remember meeting an old kuia who in her younger days built her own house. She lived with her whanau and they looked after each other. I will never forget the fact that it must’ve been so hard to do, and yet she did it. I am not sure about how Takataapui were treated in the days of my kuia. But I have read that they were usually accepted as part of the whanau, and therefore the hapu. I know that today takataapui whanau members are accepted as part of the whanau and people are more educated about diversity than they have ever been.” (Mereti Taipana, doc A130, p 8)

Dr Byron Rangiwai presenting evidence virtually, pictured with Judge Sarah Reeves