I whakaurua te Ture Takutai Maoana i te tau 2011 hei whakakapi i te Ture e tohea nuitia ana, te Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004. Ka whakahoki te Ture i ngā pānga tuku iho i whakakorengia i raro i te Ture o 2004, i whakauru i ngā whakamātautau me ngā whakawhiwhinga ā-ture kia aro atu ki ngā pānga tuku iho, ā, i whakaratohia te āhei tūmatanui. I raro i te Ture, ka taea e ngāi Māori te whiwhi ki ngā mōtika ā-ture e aro atu ana ki ō rātou pānga tuku iho hei taitara moana tuku iho, hei mōtika tuku iho i whakahaumarutia rānei. Ka whakarato te Ture i ngā ara tono e rua mō tēnei take. Ka taea e ngāi Māori te tono ki te Kōti Teitei mō tētahi ōta aronga, te whakapāpā tōtika rānei ki te Karauna, te mahi i ngā mea e rua rānei. Ahakoa he aha te ara, me whakatakoto ngā tono mō ngā mōtika tuku iho i te 3 o Āperira 2017, i mua iho rānei.
Ka whakarite te Taraipiunara kia noho hei whakaarotau teitei te Ture Takutai Moana, e aro ana ki te hiranga o ngā mōtika tuku iho e whakamōreareatia ana me te wawe tonu o ngā pāpātanga o te Ture ki ngāi Māori e whakapaetia ana. Ka kitea e te pūrongo wāhanga 1, i wetekina i te tau 2020, i takahi te Tiriti, ā, i pāngia whakahāweatia ngāi Māori e ētahi āhuatanga o ngā whakaritenga tukanga me te tuku rauemi e tautoko ana i te Ture.
E whakatewhatewha ana te pūrongo wāhanga 2 mēnā e takahi ana te Ture i ngā mātāpono Tiriti me te whakahāwea i ngāi Māori. I roto i tēnei pūrongo, ko te otinga o te Taraipiunara kua pāngia whakahāweatia ngā kaikerēme e ētahi āhuatanga o te Ture i takahi i ngā mātāpono Tiriti, ā, he nui te tūponotanga e pāngia tonutia ana. Otirā, ko te otinga o te Taraipiunara kāore te Ture i te tautuku ki te Tiriti nā te mea (i roto i ngā take anō):
· kāore te Karauna i whakatūturu i te whai wāhitanga whaimōhio, whai tikanga hoki mō ngāi Māori i te wā o te tukanga akoako;
· kāore te Ture e whakarato ana i te whakamātautau ā-ture tōkeke me te whaitake mō te taitara takutai moana tuku iho (he otinga taupua, nā te mea ināianei e whai whakaaro ana te Kōti Pīra me pēhea te whakamārama i ngā whakaritenga hāngai);
· kāore i parahautia te wā kati ā-ture e ētahi whakaaroaro kaupapahere e tutuki ai ngā paerewa kia tika, kia ngākau pono hoki ngā mahi me ngāi Māori;
· kāore he kōwhiringa i te Ture kia rangona ngā tono a ngāi Māori i raro i te Ture ki te Kōti Teitei, te Kōti Whenua Māori rānei;
· kāore i te whaitake ētahi o ngā aweretanga ki te korahi o ngā mōtika tuku iho i whakahaumarutia;
· e whakararu ana ngā aweretanga o ngā mahi e tautokohia ana me ngā mahi i whakapaetia e tautokohia ana i ngā mōtika whakaaetanga (ētahi mōtika whakarite e wātea ana ki ngā kaipupuri taitara takutai moana tuku iho);
· kāore e āhei te Māori i raro i te mōtika whakahaumaru wāhi tapu kia whakahaumaru tūturu i ngā wāhi tapu me ngā takiwā o ngā wāhi tapu; ā
· ka tuku te whenua i taumanuhia anōtia ki te Karauna, nā reira e whakakore ana i ngā mōtika tuku iho me te aukati i te whakamanatanga o te taitara takutai moana tuku iho me ngā mōtika tuku iho i whakahaumarutia me te kore utu paremata.
Hui katoa, ko te otinga o te Taraipiunara kāore ngā mōtika i raro i te Ture Takutaki Moana e tino tautoko ana i ngāi Māori i roto i ā rātou mahi kaitiakitanga me ngā mōtika rangatiratanga, ā, kāore e whakarato ana i te taurite tōkeke me te whaitake i waenga i ngā mōtika Māori me ētahi atu mōtika tūmatanui, tūmataiti hoki. Nā reira, e takahi ana te Ture i te Tiriti.
Kia whakamana i ngā mātāpono Tiriti, ka tūtohu te Taraipiunara me āta panoni te Karauna i ētahi wāhanga o te Ture nā runga anō i ngā kerēme kua rangona, ā, kua tautokohia. Otirā, ka tūtohu te Taraipiunara me pēnei te Karauna (i waenga i ētahi atu kaupapa):
· kia whakapaitia ake te whakamātautau ā-ture mō te taitara takutai moana tuku iho (engari me whai i te putanga o ngā pīra hei muri mai i te whakataunga a te Kōti Teitei Re Edwards (Te Whakatōhea No 2));
· kia pīrahia te wā kati ā-ture;
· kia whakaaetia te āhei o ngā kaitono kia whakawhiti i ō rātou tono i waenga i te Kōti Teitei me te Kōti Whenua Māori me ngā mea e rua e whiwhi ana ki te mana ā-ture i te wā kotahi;
· kia pīrahia ētahi o ngā aweretanga ki te korahi o ngā mōtika tuku iho i whakahaumarutia;
· kia pīrahia ētahi aweretanga tauwhāiti ki te korahi o ngā mōtika whakaaetanga;
· kia whakanuia te korahi o te anga utu paremata i raro i te Ture;
· kia whakawehea te mōtika whakahaumaru wāhi tapu i te tikanga whakahaere taitara takutai moana tuku iho; ā
· kia tuku i te utu paremata ki ngā iwi, ngā hapū, me ngā whānau e pāngia ana mō ngā whenua katoa i taumanuhia me te tuku ki te Karauna.
E miramira ana te Taraipiunara me whakatinana ngā tūtohu katoa hei pūhera kia whakahaumanu i te taurite tōkeke me te whaitake i waenga i ngā pānga Māori me ērā o te hunga tūmatanui i roto i te takutai moana. Ka whakatūpato te Taraipiunara kei 'tīpako noatia' ētahi tūtohu e hiahiatia ana, nā te mea e kore tēnei e whakahaumanu i te whārite e hiahiatia ana e ngā mātāpono o te Tiriti.
I whiwhi te Taraipiunara ki ngā kerēme 92 mō te wāhanga tuatahi o te Ruku Tātari mō te Ture Takutai Moana 2011, ā, i whakamanahia ngā hunga 80 anō i te tūnga hunga e whai take ana. Ka tū ngā nohoanga mai i te Hepetema o 2020 ki te Noema o 2021. Kei runga i te rōpū ruku tātari ko Kaiwhakawā Miharo Armstrong (te mana whakahaere), ko Ron Crosby, ko Ahorangi Rawinia Higgins, ko Tā Pou Temara.
E wātea ana kia tīkina ake ināianei Te Pūrongo mō te Ruku Tātari mō te Ture Takutai Moana 2011 Wāhanga 2:
Pūrongo mō te Ruku Tātari mō te Ture Takutai Moana 2011 Wāhanga 2 [PDF, 3MB](hononga o waho)
Mō ngā pakirehua arapāho, whakapā atu ki Paul Easton, Ministry of Justice Principal Media Advisor, waea 027 276 9810.
The Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 Inquiry Stage 2 Report
Wai 2660, the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act claim
On 6 October 2023, the Waitangi Tribunal released The Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 Inquiry Stage 2 Report in pre-publication format. The inquiry was accorded high priority, reflecting the importance of the customary rights at stake and the immediacy of the Act’s alleged impacts on Māori. The Tribunal received 92 claims for the inquiry, and a further 80 parties were granted interested party status. Hearings were held between September 2020 and November 2021 before an inquiry panel comprising Judge Miharo Armstrong (presiding), Ron Crosby, Professor Rawinia Higgins, and Tā Pou Temara.
This report concludes the two-part inquiry. The first stage considered whether the procedural and resourcing arrangements put in place by the Crown to support the Act were Treaty-compliant and prejudicially affected Māori, whereas the stage 2 report focused on the Treaty compliance of the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 itself.
The 2011 Act replaced its controversial predecessor, the Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004, and restored customary title interests extinguished under the previous Act, introduced statutory tests and awards whereby customary interests may be identified, and provided for public access. Under the Act, Māori can obtain legal rights recognising their customary interests in the form of customary marine title or protected customary rights. The Act provides two application pathways for this purpose. Māori can apply to the High Court for a recognition order or engage directly with the Crown, or do both. In each pathway, applications for customary rights had to be filed by the statutory deadline of 3 April 2017.
The stage 2 report investigated whether the Act’s foundations, the Act’s mechanisms for recognising claimants’ rights, and the rights available under the Act themselves were Treaty compliant. Overall, the Tribunal found that the rights under the Takutai Moana Act did not sufficiently support Māori in their kaitiakitanga duties and rangatiratanga rights and failed to provide a fair and reasonable balance between Māori rights and other public and private rights. Therefore, the Marine and Coastal Area (Takutai Moana) Act 2011 was in breach of principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The claimants had been, and were likely to continue to be, prejudiced by aspects of the Act that breached Treaty principles.
To give effect to Treaty principles, the Tribunal recommended that the Crown make several targeted amendments to the Act based on the claims that had been heard and upheld. Among these were recommendations to improve the statutory test for customary marine title, to repeal the statutory deadline, to allow current applicants to transfer their applications from the High Court to the Māori Land Court, to increase the scope of the Act’s compensation regime, and to decouple the wāhi tapu protection right from the regime of customary marine title.